Timeline of Key Developments

13th-15th centuries: Medieval guilds and confraternities provide mutual aid

1789: French Revolution proclaims social assistance as a right

1898: First mandatory accident insurance for workers

1928-1930: Social insurance laws cover industrial workers

1945: Creation of Sécurité Sociale

1958: Establishment of teaching hospital (CHU) system

1961: Extension of coverage to agricultural workers

1966: Reorganization into distinct branches

1968: May protests lead to benefit expansions

1981-1983: Socialist reforms expand coverage and benefits

1996: Juppé reforms aim to control costs

1999: Universal Health Coverage (CMU) ensures access for all

1998: Introduction of Carte Vitale smart cards

2004: Referring physician system implemented

2010: Creation of Regional Health Agencies

2016: Universal healthcare protection (PUMA) replaces CMU

This historical journey from medieval solidarity to modern universalism reveals how French healthcare became not just a system of medical services, but a fundamental expression of national values and social cohesion. The path was neither straight nor easy, but it created a model that continues to inspire and instruct, both within France and around the world.# Structure and Organization of the French Healthcare System