Lessons from the Atom

French nuclear experience offers profound lessons about technological transformation. First, success requires long-term political commitment transcending electoral cycles. The nuclear program survived changes from Gaullist to Socialist to centrist governments because energy independence remained a shared goal.

Second, standardization and learning curves matter more than individual project optimization. Building many similar reactors efficiently proved superior to crafting unique designs. This insight applies beyond nuclear to any capital-intensive technology deployment.

Third, public acceptance requires continuous engagement, not just initial consent. French nuclear authorities learned that transparency and dialogue must be ongoing processes, not one-time efforts. Trust, once lost, is difficult to rebuild.

Fourth, industrial capabilities require continuous exercise to maintain. The struggles with EPR construction show how skills atrophy without practice. France's challenge is maintaining nuclear expertise while building fewer new reactors.

Finally, technology choices have multi-generational consequences. Decisions made in the 1970s shape France's energy landscape today. The nuclear fleet provides low-carbon electricity but also requires massive investment for life extension or replacement. Future generations will live with today's energy decisions long after current politicians and engineers are gone.