Key Moments: Contemporary Crisis Points

2005: European Constitution referendum rejection reveals elite-citizen disconnect on integration.

2005: Banlieue riots expose integration failures and territorial fractures.

2015-2016: Terror attacks trigger security-liberty balance recalibration.

2017: Traditional party collapse in presidential election demonstrates system volatility.

2018-2019: Yellow Vests movement challenges institutional mediation and representation.

2020-2021: COVID pandemic tests state capacity and citizen compliance.

2022: Legislative elections produce hung parliament, forcing unprecedented coalition building.