Tactical Innovation

Napoleon's tactical system combined existing techniques in new ways rather than inventing entirely novel approaches. His genius lay in synthesis—taking proven methods and adapting them to create overwhelming advantages. The attack in column, for example, was not new, but Napoleon's coordination of columns with artillery preparation and cavalry exploitation maximized its effectiveness.

The mixed order of battle became a Napoleonic signature. Instead of deploying troops in uniform formations, he varied tactics based on terrain, enemy dispositions, and available forces. Infantry might attack in column against one sector while defending in line elsewhere. Artillery could mass for decisive effect or disperse to provide general support. Cavalry might charge to break enemy lines or screen friendly movements. This flexibility kept enemies guessing while maximizing French advantages.

Combined arms coordination reached new levels of sophistication. Artillery prepared attacks by destroying enemy formations and positions. Infantry advanced to occupy ground artillery had cleared. Cavalry exploited breaches infantry had created or protected infantry from enemy cavalry attacks. Each arm supported the others in carefully choreographed sequences that required extensive training and experienced leadership.