Mobile Revolution: From GSM to 5G

France played a crucial role in mobile telephony's development. The GSM standard, developed by a European consortium with strong French participation, enabled the mobile revolution. French engineers contributed key technologies, particularly in digital signal processing and network architecture. The decision to adopt a common European standard, rather than competing national systems, proved visionary.

The launch of commercial GSM services in 1992 transformed French society. The "portable" became a status symbol, then a necessity. French operators like Orange (France Télécom's mobile brand) expanded internationally, exporting French telecommunications expertise to Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

The allocation of 3G licenses in 2001 sparked fierce debate about industrial policy. Unlike other countries that held revenue-maximizing auctions, France used a beauty contest approach, selecting operators based on coverage commitments and service plans. This ensured rural areas weren't neglected, reflecting persistent public service values.

The 4G rollout demonstrated evolved thinking. Recognizing that mobile broadband was becoming essential infrastructure, regulators mandated aggressive coverage requirements. Operators had to cover transportation routes and rural areas, not just profitable urban centers. By 2020, France had among Europe's best 4G coverage, validating the approach.