The Hundred Days

Napoleon's landing at Golfe-Juan on March 1, 1815, began the extraordinary period known as the Hundred Days, during which he regained control of France and attempted to restore his empire. This episode demonstrated his continued magnetism and political skill while revealing the fundamental problems that had caused his initial downfall.

The march from the Mediterranean to Paris showcased Napoleon's psychological mastery and the persistent loyalty he inspired among ordinary French people. Confronted by royal forces sent to arrest him, Napoleon famously opened his coat and declared, "If there is any soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am!" This theatrical gesture, combined with memories of shared victories and promises of renewed glory, persuaded entire regiments to join his cause.

The "Flight of the Eagle," as Napoleon termed his journey, revealed the Bourbon regime's weakness and the emperor's enduring appeal. Royal officials fled their posts, while National Guard units declared for Napoleon. The sight of their former emperor, walking among soldiers and promising to restore French greatness, evoked powerful emotions that overcome political caution. Within twenty days, Napoleon was in Paris and Louis XVIII was fleeing to Belgium.

Yet the Hundred Days also revealed the constraints that limited Napoleon's options. European powers, assembled at the Congress of Vienna, immediately declared him an outlaw and renewed their military alliance. This coalition, representing virtually all of Europe except France, commanded resources that French power could not match. Napoleon's attempt to divide his enemies through diplomacy failed as they remained united in opposition to his return.